Collection: Gather non-recyclable waste materials from municipal sources, businesses, and industries.

Pre-processing: Sort and segregate the waste to remove non-combustible materials, recyclables, and hazardous substances. This step often involves shredding the waste to reduce its size and enhance its combustion properties.

Incineration: Most WtE plants use incineration, where waste is combusted in specialized furnaces. This direct combustion releases heat.

Alternatives to incineration include processes like gasification (converting waste into syngas) and anaerobic digestion (producing biogas from organic waste).

Human waste to energy conversion

Agrigultural waste to energy conversion

Farm animal excrement to energy conversion

Heat Conversion: The heat generated from combustion is used to produce steam in a boiler.

Electricity Generation: The steam drives turbines connected to generators, which produce electricity. This electricity is then distributed to the grid or used for localized needs.

• Flue Gas Cleaning: Before releasing flue gases into the atmosphere, they pass through a series of cleaning processes to remove harmful substances like dioxins, heavy metals, and particulate matter.

• Residue Management: Post-combustion, ash and other residues are collected. These residues can be processed further – for example, metals can be extracted for recycling, and inert materials can be used in construction. Non-reusable residues are usually disposed of in landfills.